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Texture in metallic materials and its effect on properties

Contents hide 1Introduction 1.1(1) Description of crystal orientation and common types of texture 1.2(2) pole figure 1.3(3) inverse pole diagram 1.4(4) Orientation distribution function 2SummaryIntroductionUsually, the metal material is a polycrystal composed of a large number of crystal grains. When the grain orientation of a polycrystal is concentrated around a certain reference plane (or direction) of a macroscopic material, it is called a preferred orientation, and the texture is Preferred orientation of polycrystals. In a broad sense, the phenomenon that the grain orientation deviates from the random distribution in the polycrystal can be called texture.In metallic materials, the existence of texture phenomena is universal. The external temperature field, electromagnetic field, strain field and anisotropy inside the crystal can cause texture. For example, the preferred orientation of the grain during deformation is the crystal slip/slip surface and the moment effect during stretching. the result of. Industrial materials commonly have casting texture, deformation texture, recrystallization texture and phase change texture, among which the deformation texture and recrystallization texture are studied more.Texture representation(1) Description of crystal orientation and common types of textureThe so-called crystal orientation refers to the three crystal axes of the crystal (such as [100], [010], [001] axis) in a given reference coordinate system (such as rolling direction RD, lateral TD and normal ND in the rolling plate) The relative orientation within. When actually describing the crystal orientation, different reference frames are set due to different deformation conditions. For example, for the most common rolling deformation, the three axes of the reference frame are usually set to the rolling direction (RD) and the rolling surface. The direction (ND) and the transverse direction of the rolled sheet, that is, the direction perpendicular to the rolling direction (TD), assuming an orientation is expressed as (110) [1-12], indicating the (110) plane of the unit cell at this time. Parallel to the rolling surface, the [1-12] direction is parallel to the rolling direction.The type of texture mainly depends on the nature of the metal and the processing method, etc. Among them, there are rolling texture, drawing texture and the like. The rolling texture is the texture that occurs during rolling deformation. It is characterized in that a certain crystal plane {hkl} of each grain is parallel to the rolling surface, and a direction <uvw> is parallel to the rolling direction. The rolling texture is usually expressed as {hkl}<uvw>. Unidirectional stretching and drawing deformation cause a certain direction of the polycrystalline grains to be parallel to the stretching or drawing direction. The texture thus formed is called silk WNMG Insert texture, also called fiber texture, parallel to stretching. Or the crystal orientation <uvw> of the drawing direction.(2) pole figureThe pole figure is an orientation distribution pattern representing a selected crystal plane {hkl} of each grain in the material to be tested on the polar projection projection map containing the direction of the sample coordinate system. This figure is called a {hkl} pole figure. Figure 1 is the {111} pole figure of the Cu-30%Zn alloy after 96% rolling. It can be known from the orientation analysis that the texture component in the material is mainly {110}<1-12> texture. Also known as brass texture.

Fig.1 {111} pole figure of Cu-30%Zn alloy after 96% rolling(3) inverse pole diagramIn contrast to the pole figure, the inverse pole figure is a graph depicting the spatial distribution of a certain appearance characteristic of a polycrystalline CNC Carbide Inserts material parallel to the material in the crystal coordinate system. The three axes of the reference coordinate system generally take the three crystal axes of the crystal or the low-index crystal orientation. For the cubic system, since there are 24 symmetry, only the part of [001]-[101]-[111] is selected. Describe. The inverse pole figure is generally used to describe the silk texture. Figure 2 shows the reverse pole figure of a hot rolled low carbon steel parallel to the normal ND direction. It can be seen that there are <111> and <100> silk weaves in the material. Structure.

Figure 2 ND reverse pole diagram of hot rolled mild steel(4) Orientation distribution functionPole and inverse pole figures use two-dimensional graphics to describe the orientation distribution of three-dimensional space, and they all have limitations. The distribution density f(g) of the spatial orientation g(φ1, Φ, φ2) can express the orientation distribution of the entire space, which is called the spatial orientation distribution function (ODF). The ODF is a three-dimensional figure calculated from the polar density distribution of the pole figure. Since it is inconvenient to use a three-dimensional diagram, it is generally represented by a set of sections fixed by φ2. Figure 3 shows the ODF of industrial pure aluminum after cold rolling by 95% deformation.

Fig. 3 ODF diagram of industrial pure aluminum after cold rolling with 95% deformationTexture impact on performanceA large number of experimental results show that the properties of materials are 20%-50% affected by texture, and the texture affects the mechanics of elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, strength, toughness, plasticity, magnetic properties, conductance, and coefficient of linear expansion. Performance and physical properties, here are some examples of the effects of texture on material properties.The most studied is the influence of texture on the static mechanical properties of the material. Figure 4 shows that a commercial magnesium alloy produces a strong base texture under the influence of the friction stir welding process, so that different parts of the material are pulled in different directions. The stretch performance shows a difference. For example, in the case of a sample processed by a friction welding (FSP) process, the tensile strength of the material in the width direction of the sample, that is, the transverse direction (TD), is significantly higher than the processing direction (PD), exhibiting remarkable anisotropy.

Fig.4 Tensile properties of different sample orientations after AZ31 magnesium alloy in original rolling state and friction stir weldingTexture also affects the elastic properties of the material. Figure 5 shows the effect of texture on the elastic modulus of a gold film. The three figures in the figure show the single crystal gold in the crystal coordinate system. The texture of the non-textured gold film in the sample coordinate system and the elastic modulus parameter of the gold film containing the silk texture in the sample coordinate system, it can be seen that the texture makes the elastic modulus of the material anisotropic along the The elastic modulus of the material in different directions shows a significant difference. The elastic modulus of the material in the S3 direction is 118 GPa, which is higher than the elastic modulus of 89.7 GPa in the S1 and S2 directions, and the minimum value of the elastic modulus is along the deviation S3. The direction is about 40 degrees and the modulus is only 60 GPa.

Fig. 5 Effect of texture on the elastic modulus of a gold filmThe corrosion behavior is also affected by the texture. Figure 6 shows the Nyquist plot of the impedance spectrum of commercial pure titanium after undergoing different degrees of equal channel angular deformation. The number of times of deformation is different, and the microstructure and texture of the material are also Differently, it can be seen that the material has better corrosion resistance when it is not subjected to deformation (0 pass) in the initial state.

Fig.6 Effect of equal channel angular extrusion on Nyquist plot of commercial pure titanium impedance spectrumThe fatigue behavior of the material under dynamic cyclic loading is also affected by the texture. Figure 7 shows that the low-cycle fatigue behavior of a different orientation of a magnesium alloy after extrusion deformation will be different. It can be seen that in the case of the same total strain amplitude, the fatigue life of the material in the RD direction is generally better than the fatigue life in the ND direction.

Fig. 7 Effect of texture on low cycle fatigue behavior of materialsSummaryIn summary, the presence of texture is universal in metallic materials. The essence of the texture is that many grains are not distributed in a random orientation, which naturally leads to anisotropy in the properties of the material. The effect of texture on material properties is studied in order to better utilize the texture in the material to regulate the related properties of the material.

The Cemented Carbide Inserts Blog: https://estool.edublogs.org
# by johnnyrock | 2023-10-17 17:11

How Do Aluminum Milling Inserts Contribute to Reduced Tool Breakage in Milling Operations

Aluminum milling inserts are a popular choice among machinists and are the modern choice for milling operations. They contribute to reduced tool breakage due to their unique design and properties. DNMG Insert The aluminum material of the inserts is much stronger than other materials, making them ideal for high-speed machining. Additionally, the aluminum material is softer than carbide, giving it more flexibility and absorbency, which helps to reduce tool breakage.

To further reduce the risk of tool breakage, aluminum milling inserts are designed with a smooth surface finish. This helps to reduce friction and heat buildup, both of which can lead to tool breakage. Furthermore, the inserts are designed with a special geometry that allows them to cut more efficiently. This reduces cutting forces and helps to reduce tool breakage.

Aluminum milling inserts also benefit from their light weight. For example, a smaller size insert can be used for a given operation, which reduces the cutting forces and reduces the risk of tool Metal Cutting Insert breakage. Additionally, because aluminum is a lighter material, the risk of tool breakage during long machining operations is reduced.

Overall, aluminum milling inserts contribute to reduced tool breakage in several ways. Their strong material, smooth surface finish, special geometry, and light weight all help to reduce the risk of tool breakage. As a result, these inserts are a great choice for milling operations, helping to ensure a safe and efficient process.

The Carbide Inserts - Cutting Tools Blog: https://blog.goo.ne.jp/markaubrey
# by johnnyrock | 2023-10-16 11:37

What is Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)?

Hot isostatic pressing (hip) is a material processing method, RCGT Insert which compresses materials by simultaneously applying high temperature of hundreds to 2000 ℃ and isostatic pressing of dozens to 200 MPa. Argon is the most commonly used pressure medium.

The hot press is very similar to the hip. Milling, forging and extrusion are also suitable for high temperature and high pressure, but not for hot isostatic pressure.

The difference between hip joint and hot pressing

Hip applies isostatic pressure to materials using air pressure, while hot pressure only applies to uniaxial pressure. A fully competent breadwinner

In order to clearly explain the difference between hot isostatic pressing and hot pressing, it is assumed that hot isostatic pressing or hot pressing is applied to material a (metal with holes inside) and material B (metal with uneven ends).

In the case of the hip joint, material a, as shown in Figure 1, will contract to maintain its initial shape until the internal pores disappear and are combined due to diffusion effects. On the other hand, due to the uniform pressure applied to the uneven edge, material B will not change its shape at all.

In the case of hot pressing, material a will also show the same phenomenon as hip, as shown in Figure 2. However, material B cannot maintain its original uneven shape because the pressure only acts on the raised part. Material a and material B will have different final shapes after hot pressing, depending on the shape of the die and punch used. Due to the non-uniformity of mold friction and the limitation of temperature and size in the process of deformation, it may be difficult to manufacture large products and molds at high temperature.

Compared with the hot pressing, the hot isostatic pressing can provide the material shape with little difference from the initial pressure. A material can maintain its initial shape even after changing its shape, and is relatively less limited by the processing of the product. By making full use of these characteristics, hip has been applied in various fields.

High pressure medium gas (argon)

At 1000 ℃ and 98mpa, argon is likely to cause strong convection due to its low density and viscosity (30% and 15% of water respectively) and high thermal expansion coefficient. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficient of the hot isostatic pressure equipment is higher than that of the common electronic furnace.

Hip application

Hip is widely used, as follows:

  • Powder pressure sintering
  • Diffusion connection of different types of materials
  • Remove the residual pores in the sintered parts
  • Elimination of internal defects of castings
  • Regeneration of parts damaged by fatigue or creep
  • High pressure impregnation carbonization
  • HIP Treatment

    Materials need to be treated according to the situation. The most typical methods include “capsule method” and “non capsule method”.

    As shown in the figure on the right, “capsule method” is to put the powder or the object formed by the powder into the airtight capsule and empty the capsule before hip replacement.

    This “capsule method” can provide high density even for materials that are difficult to be sintered by ordinary sintering technology. Therefore, it is most commonly used in the pressure sintering process of powder materials. It can also be used for diffusion bonding or high pressure impregnation carbonization of various materials.

    The following table summarizes the main materials of the capsule free method and hip joint treatment temperature / pressure.

    At the same time, if the pores inside the material are isolated and closed, and there is no connection with the surface of the material, these pores may be extruded and eliminated by hot isostatic pressure treatment. Indexable Carbide Inserts On the other hand, even after hip treatment, the open holes connected with the material surface will not be squeezed. Therefore, the material with closed pores can be treated by hot isostatic pressing, which can make the whole material have high compactness.

    This material does not require capsule hip treatment, which is known as the “no capsule method.”. It is used to remove the residual pores on the sintered parts, eliminate the internal defects of the castings, and repair the parts damaged due to fatigue or creep.

    Hip joint effect

    Hot isostatic pressing of castings increases creep rupture life by 1.3 to 3.5 times, prolonging and shrinking, depending on the alloy type, as shown in the table below.

    The special Inserts Blog: https://vanherman.exblog.jp/
    # by johnnyrock | 2023-10-12 16:41

    How Many types of end mill from HUANATOOLS?

    What is Carbide End Mill?

    A Carbide end mill is a sort of milling cutter and cutting instrument for modern processing application. Carbide end mill can cut ever which way, even though some can’t cut transversely. It is used for making shapes and cutting process of different heavy metals in industries. End mills are utilized for processing applications like side processing, profiling, End transforming, and cutting. They are also changed the shape of things by different process like cutting and producing chips. By using this tool we can change heavy industrial metals in our desired shape. These end mills are utilized to deal with steel, cast iron, super-alloy, and non-ferrous materials. Carbide end plants can withstand higher temperature than high velocity steel apparatuses.

    Manufacturing Process of Carbide Tools:

    How about we see the assembling cycle of carbide?

    In the first place, blend tungsten Carbide in with cobalt to make powder which can be named crude materials. The granulated blend is filled a pass on cavity and squeezed invigorates a moderate like that of chalk.

    ?Then the squeezed compacts are set in a sintering heater and warmed at a temperature of about 1400C, bringing about solidified carbide. In the wake of sintering, the substance volume contracts extensively. Manufacturing process of carbide tools is shown in figure below.

    There are many types of end mill, each suited to certain cutting applications. There are several different styles of this machine, which are commonly found in different machines:?

    • Smooth-face end mills
    • Rough-face
    • Scroll mill
    • Inline mill
    • Lathe end mills
    • CNC end mills
    • Router end mill

    ?Smooth-face?

    Uses a single spinning diamond wheel on which grinding occurs, while the rough-face has two diamonds on opposite sides of the spindle. The smooth-face end mill can perform both finishing operations and drilling.

    Sliding end mill

    ?This machine is very versatile, as it can be mounted on a table, and its role is to run in conjunction with the spindle on a lathe or a mill. The sliding end mill has a fixed spindle, but its external surfaces are free of obstructions; thus, this type of end mill can slide along the edges of the workpiece. Its most common use is for cutting soft metals such as brass.

    Scroll mill

    A scroll mill is a similar-sized machine, but instead of using the sliding action typical of end mills, the sliding action is conducted by a helical cutter. The result is a more polished cut because the helical cutter can make accurate cuts across the width of the material. Unlike end mills, scroll cutters do not require a feed roller. The result is an accurate cut every time. These machines, though more expensive than other types of cutting machines, are suitable for heavy-duty and high-volume production.

    Inline mill

    An inline mill is similar to a scroll machine, but it uses a vertical rotation drill. The discs are attached to a stationary vertical spindle. To cut materials, the spindle is aligned vertically and the discs are spun in a helical pattern. As the material rotates, the discs cut and the hole is drilled. Unlike scroll machines, these machines do not need to have a feed roller and they cost less than other types of machines.

    CNC end mills

    The term “CNC” stands for “Computer Numbered Control.” This technology allows users to design intricate cuts using readily available software. Users simply enter the required data, which is then transferred to the machine for detailed work. The machine then controls the CNC endmill by precisely moving the spindle and other parts in and out of the cut area. The result is a cut that comes out exactly the way the user wants it.

    Lathe end mills

    Lathe end mills are used to perform boring tasks, such as boring a hole for a screw. The term is usually applied to these machines because they are designed to move in a similar way to a lathe. But instead of the wood being ground, or the metal inserted, the process comes down to the user manually turning a handle. The result is a more intricate design that looks like a CNC machine did it. This type of machinery is expensive and the quality of the work depends on how well the operator and the machine are used.

    Plasma cutters

    ?A plasma cutter is one of the most recent types of CNC machines and is designed to perform long-lasting cuts. It uses heat to cut materials, including plastics, metals, and ceramics. It can handle materials of any diameter, although the larger ones tend to use a larger drill. These CNC machines give the option to cut curves and hollow shapes as well as square holes and other straight lines.

    Router end mill

    A router machine is used most often when a router needs to cut smaller pieces, such as plates, into multiple pieces. In other words, the pieces can be produced as a whole using this machine. They make the process of producing repeated pieces much faster and easier than doing it by hand. These machines are available in different types, and you need to decide which one is best suited for your projects.

    End mill in different number of flutes

    There are several reasons why there are end mills on the market. They can be used for many flute types including, spools, tubular, cylindrical, tapered, and many more. The amount of material a cutter can cut in one single pass is another reason why they are so popular. You can also get them in a variety of different shapes that will give you the ability to make many flutes from a single piece of material.

    Some of the things to keep in mind when purchasing your up-cut and down-cut milling machines include how often you plan on using them and if they are designed for your type of cutting. If you are only going to use the up-cut machine then you may want to consider purchasing the basic model. Some of the basic up-cut machines have a tapered design that makes them good for small jobs. If you need to make many flutes then a down-cut version will do the job. If you do not plan on making a large number of flutes, an up-cut milling machine will do the job for you.

    Carbide end mills are popular for being able to cut materials. This particular device is used in a variety of different applications. Some of the most common materials that you will find cut with these types of machines are glass, plastic, metal, ceramic, wood and plaster. This device has many positive aspects to it.

    The first benefit that a carbide mill offers is its ability to cut materials. No matter what you are using this machine can cut the material. This is helpful when cutting material into various shapes. This can help with making circular saws, bowls, plates, cross-sections and more. This is one reason why people prefer this over other types of cutting tools.

    The two different types of carbide end mills that you can purchase are those that are powered by electricity or ones that run on either gas or propane. Both of these machines use carbide wheels along with an attachment called a center-feeder. The wheels provide the power for the cutting edges. The center-feeder is what transfers the cutting work to the grinding wheel. The power source can come from one of two different types of electrical motors: permanent magnetic motors or induction motors.

    The carbide end mills 4-flute cutter is designed to be very efficient in its use. The piece can cut through any material and is also very accurate, thanks to its accurate technology. Many commercial shops that use carbide grinders often have them in use daily. The carbide cutter is also able to grind small holes and recesses, which make it perfect for the woodworking indu-stry. Most of the commercial vendors that sell these products will provide installation services to make sure that the device is installed properly.


    3 Flute Unequal Helix Carbide Drill Insert Carbide End Mills for Aluminium DLC Coated

    Shapes and sizes of end mills

    End mills in different shapes and sizes are important in the production of a wide range of products. Most projects will benefit from the creative application of the use of different size and shape tools. End mills are most commonly used for cutting and V-bit and ball nose cutters are most often used for finishing processes. There are also end versatile mills. These include a stepover tool and a sliding stepover.

    1. A stepover; is a type of milling tool that has a single continuous stroke that allows it to cut through the wood by using little wear and tear. A slide-over machine allows you to cut long runs of material on a single pass. A combination of these two machines offers versatility when it comes to VBMT Insert carbide end mills. Both carbide and diamond are common materials that are used to make end mills.

    2. Flat ends;?are designed to cut curves. Cylindrically curved cuts are a little bit difficult to perform than round cuts because of the flat top of the material. End mills in different shapes and sizes are commonly used to perform this type of cutting. End mills in different numbers of heads give you flexibility when making more pieces of a single piece of material.

    Advantage of end mill:

    If you have a larger budget then you may want to consider purchasing the ultimate end mills known as the g-wizard. These machines come with a multitude of features and capabilities that are designed to meet the needs of any craftsman or woman that is serious about their work. If you purchase these machines, they will allow you to create beautiful music in a short period. Once you master the technique, it is easy to create music by holding the stylus against the sound source.

    The tungsten insert sharpener Blog: https://brentwilli.exblog.jp/
    # by johnnyrock | 2023-10-10 16:56

    Carbide Inserts Price How to Assess the Supplier's Manufacturing Process

    Carbide inserts are becoming increasingly popular in industrial machining due to their ability to offer high levels of precision and durability. With the rise in demand for carbide inserts, the price of these products has become an important factor in assessing the manufacturing process of the supplier. In order to make an informed decision, it is important to VBMT Insert understand how to assess the supplier’s manufacturing process in terms of price.

    First, it is important to determine the quality of the carbide inserts. Quality is determined by the grade of the material used in the manufacturing process. The higher the grade, the more expensive the inserts will be. It is also important to look at the longevity of the product. A higher grade will usually result in a longer lifespan, thus reducing the need to replace the inserts frequently.

    Second, it is important to consider the supplier’s reputation. An experienced and reliable supplier will be able to provide the highest quality of carbide inserts at a competitive price. Reputable suppliers will also be able to provide helpful advice and support to ensure customer satisfaction.

    Third, it is also important to consider the cost of the inserts in comparison to other suppliers. It is important to compare prices between different suppliers in order to find the most cost-effective solution. Additionally, it is important to take into account any additional fees or charges that the supplier may levy.

    Finally, it is important to look at the delivery times of the supplier. It is important to ensure that the supplier is able to provide LOGU Insert the inserts in a timely manner. The supplier should also be able to provide updates on the progress of the order, so that customers are aware of when the inserts will be delivered.

    By assessing the supplier's manufacturing process in terms of price, customers can be sure to purchase the highest quality of carbide inserts at the most competitive price. This will ensure long-term customer satisfaction and a positive relationship between the customer and the supplier.

    The tungsten insert sharpener Blog: https://brentwilli.exblog.jp/

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    # by johnnyrock | 2023-10-07 16:01

    CUTTING TOOL,SNMG INSERT,,Estoolcarbide.com is professional tungsten carbide cutting tools manufacturer.

    by johnnyrock